Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

Bondage Bondage in America achieved an effective south yet additionally end up being one of the most horrendous things done by people to people. Servitude turned into a lifestyle in early America. Eight out of the initial twelve presidents possessed slaves. Individuals in the south profited by slaves the most. Collecting those colossal cotton fields took numerous hands. That’s were the slaves got key to the accomplishment of the south. Slaves were predominately dark Africans. Africans made up the greater part however they were not by any means the only ones. Local Americans and even English obligated workers made up the remainder of the individuals put into subjugation. There are two various types of slaves. There are slaves that remained in the house and dealt with the families, and there were the slaves that worked the land. Residential slaves were normally ladies and kids. Mean and little fellows made up the ranch hands. These men worked from dawn to dusk. Working outside was by a wide margin the most exceedingly awful of the two. A few slaves didn’t fall under these to types there were slaves that filled in as aides, trappers, make laborers and medical caretakers. Occupations that individuals don't relate slaves with. Slaves had various employments relying upon what of the nation they were sent to. Slaves in the north for the most part worked in the factories and clearing woods. Slaves in the south worked the ranches all year. Up north slaves just needed to work the ranches in the mid year months due to the thorough winters they experienced. Residential slaves remained in the house got after the family, prepared and served dinners, tidied and stayed aware of the day by day errands of the house. It was simpler than working outside. Slaves were treated as property. Proprietors reserved the privilege to do anything they desired to them. They were property, not individuals. Proprietors would have the white ranch hands remain in the fields and ensure the slaves were functioning as quick and hard as they could. In the event that they weren’t filling in as hard as could reasonably be expected and a white farmhand saw it. The slaves would be beaten, and once in a while in extreme cases executed. At the point when the proprietor wasn’t around slaves could connect with one another. Families that came over on the pontoons were torn separated at the closeout squares. They were put together not knowing one another and needed to frame a structure to their own lives. More youthful people and kids looked into the more established people as guardians. Slaves would be placed in... ...cap chiefs could get their hands on. The proprietors of the boats needed to keep the slaves fit as a fiddle to get as much as possible for them. The white deck hands would welcome the slaves at hand and experience and exercise they called â€Å"dance.† The men had to bounce until the shackles broke they skin on their lower legs. The ladies and youngsters who were not shackled could move to a cadence. Slaves making the most of their activity since it was the main time they were so anyone might hear to move around. On the off chance that the slaves would not move they were beaten with whips. The whips were called â€Å"cat-o-nine-tails† they were comprised of nine lines secured with tar; each string had a bunch toward the end. At the point when awful climate hit it turned out to be harsh for the slaves. The slaves were not out loud to come up on the deck. This is the place malady and rottenness went through the slaves. All in all, subjection despite the fact that was a major piece of the ascent of this nation. It was thinking back, one of the most horrible things done by people to different people. Gaining from our slip-ups took quite a while. The Civil War was the point in our history where everybody understood that you were unable to treat individuals like creatures. That everybody is viewed as equivalents.

English 4B Flashcard

English 4B

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 1

Authoritative culture is in a general sense about emblematic significance and as such can't be overseen. Talk about - Essay Example By imagery individuals intentionally give shape and structure to their own world. Reality doesn't establish of articles to which people respond, rather it is the social condition inside which individuals act as indicated by their own point of view of the circumstance. Any item or activity can be known as an image when it has a separated importance from its real self. An item or activity turns into an image when it isn't seen by their evident structure yet by the significance applied to it by the individuals from the association. For example an enormous work area isn't seen as an object of accommodation for different exercises, yet is viewed as a delegate of the organization’s force, status and impact. In this manner, the work area turns into a social image of the organization’s status (Schultz, 1995, p.76). Hierarchical culture is soaked up with conceptual viewpoints like sentiments, feelings and points of view of individuals, and furthermore with objects for their embl ematic qualities instead of their instrumental qualities. Authoritative culture is along these lines difficult to oversee since numerous significant parts of culture like dreams and sentiments of individuals must be considered with incredible worth when target is to carry potential changes to hierarchical culture. This paper centers around the interconnection of imagery and authoritative culture. ... Over the most recent couple of decades, most scholastics have been recommending that culture is the earth and the atmosphere made by the association for the executives of its kin. Authoritative culture is the arrangement of emotions, considerations and convictions of a gathering of individuals related with an association, and the implying that individuals connect to their activities. It mirrors the perspectives on the workers about the status quo done in an association (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, p.viii). Along these lines, culture gives a feeling of character to an association. The way of life of an association envelops everything that it is acceptable at and all the things that worked previously. These ideas are commonly tolerating by the representatives who have been working in an association for a significant stretch. At the point when new workers join the association, they find out about the legends of the association. With time such legends become the standard which impl ies they become the ordinary and acknowledged example of conduct. (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, pp.4-5) as of late administration hypotheses have been stressing on the supervisors the significance of making a solid social feel inside the association (O’Donnell and Boyle, 2008, p.viii). The interesting thing about culture is that it demonstrates a marvel that is covered up underneath the surface and is imperceptible however has amazing effect. Culture shapes the personal conduct standards of the individuals from a gathering through the normal convictions that are held in that gathering (Schein, 2010, p.14). It has been recommended that â€Å"culture and administration are in a general sense intertwined.† (Schein, 2010, p.xi) There are three components to this †1) the pioneers are

Should English be made the official language of the United States Research Paper

Should English be caused the official language of the United States To consider Amy Tans article Primary language - Research Paper Example English ought to be made the official language of the United States on the grounds that a dominant part of the Americans communicate in English, this will support social osmosis and solidarity in the country and it is efficient to have just a single authority language. English needs to be made the official language of the United States in light of the fact that a greater part of the Americans can and do communicate in English. English happens to be the most well known and most communicated in language in the country (Bailey 128). On the off chance that English isn't given a prevalent status in the United States, it will offer approach to turmoil in light of the fact that a large portion of the individuals here can just communicate in English. In addition, in America, however English after Mandarin likewise happens to be the most utilized and communicated in language on the planet. Interestingly, the United States is the home to a variety of societies, ethnicities and races. At the end of the day this country is the place where there is assorted variety. Within the sight of such rich decent variety, it is significant that the nation has a bringing together factor that joins its whole populace hailing from various phonetic foundations (Mair 170). Along these lines announcing English to be the official language of the United States will help digestion and solidarity in the country. It will empower the shifted individuals partnered to different social and semantic foundations to learn English with the goal that they could turn into an essential piece of this incredible country. Indeed, it is justifiable that one needs to regard and empower decent variety. However, it is additionally significant that there exist binding together impacts that get union among decent variety and multiculturalism. In that setting the English language could go about as the bringing toge ther factor that could tie the entire country together. Consistently the country burns through a great many dollars deciphering general society and private records into fluctuated dialects since it doesn't have an official language and â€Å"trimming the interpretation financial plan (Crystal 12)† is a major issue.

The Rise and Fall of Worldcom Free Essays

Shaghayegh Davari * Wan-Ting Shao * Ananya Chandra * Niteesh Chinta * Shraddha Rane * Swathi Punreddy The Rise and fall of WorldCom This contextual investigation WorldCom is a broadcast communications organization which was driven by CEO, Bernard Ebbers, and CFO, Scott Sullivan. In 1999, WorldCom was not meeting Wall Street’s income and profit desires, and it created the impression that the coming year would deliver all the more terrible news. The CFO contended for setting practical targets. We will compose a custom paper test on The Rise and Fall of Worldcom or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now In any case, the CEO demanded that the organization required twofold digit development, and pushed for forceful targets. A lot of spotlight was not putting on â€Å"team work† and being a solid â€Å"team player†, which is said to have been a technique to decrease contradicting assessments, in the long run driving the association not to follow a â€Å"groupthink† disposition. There is restricted proof to propose proper audit budgetary revealing controls were being inspected autonomously and there was an absence of tough checking of the inside control framework and accordingly the nature of the controls around the presenting of diary sections on the general record was distinguished as a feeble control. The Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan where the pioneer of the organization and impact of their initiatives over their devotees which were the subordinates allude to their capacity and is depended on three bases, forcing power, authentic force, and data power. Initiative forces can be utilized without anyone else or joined so the pioneer has greatest impact. The pioneer will in this manner need to contemplate which capacity to utilize which for this situation was not utilized in a manner that finally brought about abatement which was company’s chapter 11. Initially, the fundamental important hypothesis being used by these chiefs for driving organization was coercive force, they demonstrated their capacity to apply discipline to subordinates and it is starting from the manager’s position and controlling coworker‘s conduct by constraining them to do whatever isn't coming right to their accept. Notwithstanding, great pioneers utilize coercive force just when in the last sort since coercive force can execution temporarily. Coercive force depends on undermine and will reverse discharge gravely whenever utilized as the main base for utilizing impact. For this situation, the workers were openly castigated and threatened for addressing managers’ choices and additional data. Furthermore, the authentic force by the pioneers is utilized somewhat for this situation. It was written in coworker’s minds that the pioneers have option to train them and that they have a commitments to adhere to whatever directions the pioneer are giving them and there is no requirement for whatever isn't being given to them. Authentic force originates from the authority of the company’s position which can demand certain practices of others. Ebbers demonstrated as close to home magnetism power which could be named as †divine power† and made the top managerial staff feel that he knows the way and the appropriate responses and could sustain or control them; in this way, by delivering aloof board, elastic stepped the greater part of his suggestions. At last, the administrators for this situation likewise depends on the data power. Data Management is a rising field that is worried about data; the framework used to gather, store and convey it; and the hierarchical and social settings where it exists. In any case, these two directors didn't send the data power as a serious apparatus on the grounds that there was no proficient and viable arrangement of the assets of the organization. In any case, while you can’t control anybody (with the exception of maybe yourself), you can impact about everybody. This is the pith of genuine administration. By this definition, Ebbers and Sullivan were extraordinary pioneers in. One of the strategies impacted for this situation includes effectively applying genuine and coercive force by even directors or subordinates as a rule structure a gathering and attempted to impact others by utilizing dangers of authorizations to constrain consistence, undermine, and apply discipline if the subordinates doesn't agree to the solicitations. Data control is at the same time an impact for this case which is connected personally with impact and force. The directors for this situation hold bunches of data without telling any of their representatives and constrained subordinates to approach important data and make them remain in dull about work issue. Emphatic may be called â€Å"vocal authority† which was another impact. Utilizing the managers’ places of intensity thus as to detest and control the representatives will cause a great deal of issue and harm of regard over the long haul. In any case, the workers from the WorldCom cited occasions that they were decried for approaching about any choices or requesting data. For this situation the chiefs didn't utilize authoritative legislative issues regarding conduct of intrigue gatherings to utilize capacity to impact dynamic. The two of them concentrated on oneself serving and hierarchically non endorsed nature of individual conduct in association. The most significant strategy was creating solid partners and shaping force alliances, and partner with these two administrators in their business. They consider danger accessible in association settings, it appears to be very sensible to expect that individuals will think that its invaluable to deal with the impressions that others type of them, even in circumstance which subordinates feel that the result is coming up short. For this situation practically all the officials and staff recognized data as a political device which is relying upon the directors and it comes that the motivation behind this strategy might be to burry or cloud a significant subtleties the political on-screen characters of the organization which were these two chiefs accept that could hurt them, when the danger of retaining data is excessively incredible. The most effective method to refer to The Rise and Fall of Worldcom, Papers

Learn the Tips On How to write a Discursive Essay

Learn the Tips On How to write a Discursive Essay Before start writing discursive essay many students do not know about the meaning of discursive. So first of all you know about the of the word discursive. The term discursive is derived from the word discourse which means involving a conversation or discussion on a particular topic, issue or subject. After know about the meaning of word discursive now we will discuss on what is discursive essay? What is Discursive Essay? Summary What is Discursive Essay? Types of Discursive Essay.Pros and cons essayNotion essay or opinion essaySolution suggesting essay:How to write a Discursive Essay:Decide a topic:Consider main ideas of the topic: Write on the topic:Proofread:Problems occur in writing Essay:Examples of topic on how to write an essay:-Discursive essay writing help to get you startedEssay writing help online services features A discursive essay is an essay which include formal writing on the topic. It includes discussion on a particular topic, situation, issue or problem. These assignments are usually assigned to college students. It involves discussion. In writing a discursive essay you have to present your point of view on both sides (supportive or unsupportive) or provide unbiased point of yours on the topic. Your writing should be error free. Types of Discursive Essay. There are three types of discursive essay are as follows: Pros and cons essay. Notion essay or opinion essay. Solution suggesting essay. Pros and cons essay In this type of essay writer include both sides of the topic. Each topic should discuss thoroughly and described in detail. It includes advantages and disadvantages of the topic. The writer should provide logic, facts, reasons and research work that support his/her point of view. Notion essay or opinion essay In this essay writer opinion related to the topic is included. The writer opinion included in both introductory and conclusion part in the essay. Writer opinion should be valid and it should include facts, logic and research work that help in proving his/her point of view right. Solution suggesting essay: First of all writer find the problem or discuss a problem and then find the solutions of that problem. Introduction part explains the problem and its causes. The main body part of the paragraph include suggestions in order to solve the problem and in conclusion the writer gives his/her personal opinion in a summarized form. How to write a Discursive Essay: Here we provide right direction on “how to write a discursive essay?”. These are the following steps which a candidate should follow: 1: Decide a topic. 2: Consider main ideas of the topic. 3: Write on the topic. 4: Proofread. Decide a topic: In the first step you should decide or select a topic on which you want to write. The main advantage of the discursive essay is that there are so many topics available in order to write an essay and the main disadvantage is that writer get confused while selecting a topic. There are two options available for you: You may choose topic from the available list. You can use your own and unique topic. Consider main ideas of the topic: The success of the discursive essay is depended upon this step. It includes the different concepts and arguments related to the topic. You must sure that you present your idea feeling yourself free and discuss the topic with enthusiasm. If you have three to five pros and cons of the topic then it would be great. You should be clearly explained to your readers why the mentioned argument is inconclusive. Write on the topic: In this you start writing on the topic which you already selected. It includes three parts: First of all, you give introduction on your topic. . It should provide information about your topic or subject so that audience can get convince with your point of view. It should end with a clear understanding of the topic or subject. Body of essay include three to five paragraphs which include your arguments, statements to discuss. Conclusion includes the complete summarized opinion of the writer. Proofread: One of the best way to become an essay writer is to be an interested reader of good writing. In this step you read your essay and pay attention how you write your discursive essay and it relate to the topic from the beginning to the end. No matter what you write, the most important part of the writing process is editing. Let your discursive essay sit for some hours. Get up and walk away from it. Do something different and then come and read your essay with your readers in mind. After reading do your editing work :- Is your point clear? Is your grammar correct? Did you make your point clear? Problems occur in writing Essay: The following are the problems faced by writer in writing discursive essay: Lack of writing skills. Difficulty in selecting the topic. Lack of confidence. Fear of failure. Disturbed by the voice of audience. Examples of topic on how to write an essay:- If you don’t know where to start and don’t have any idea on which topic you write your essay, then we have prepared a list of personal essay topics, which may help you to get started:- What is the best country to travel? Which car company is best in the world? Is technology addiction is a real addiction. Are plastic destroying our environment? Does use of social media impact academic performance? Once you get the clarity about the topic our experts provide you help in writing discursive essay. Discursive essay writing help to get you started If you face difficulty on how to write a discursive essay then we provide help you in writing this essay. Thousands of students worldwide taking help from us in order to write an argumentative essay. With the help of availability of writing of a discursive essay you can get the clarity of your topic and which may help in increasing the quality of your essay and help you to present your argument in an effective way. We provide help you in writing essay from selection of the topic to proofread. Essay writing help online services features We have well experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field. We always deliver your essay writing help within the given time. Our experts provide the essay writing help services at affordable prices. Our expert team is available for your help either it’s a day or night i.e. 24/7 help is available. Our experts first understand your topic and experience of yours on related topic and write according to it. You can ask for the changes in your essay writing from our expert anytime. Every essay writing help you get from our expert is error free. Our team of experts is completely dedicated to delivering the best essay writing services. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services. Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available on how to write a discursive essay, receive higher score and make an impact while presenting your point of view in more confident and an effective way.

Do I need SAT Exam Coaching

A lot of SAT prep materials are  really designed for self-study. But can it help to get SAT coaching too?  How useful are SAT exam coaching services, and are they right for you? Reasons you should seek SAT exam coaching Sometimes self-study isnt enough. Maybe youve gone through a lot of prep materials from the College Board and services such as Magoosh SAT, but your score just isnt improving. Or youre not making sufficient progress toward your target score.  In this situation, you may benefit from working with an SAT coach. SAT exam coaching with a tutor vs. SAT coaching in a classroom When you look for an SAT exam coach, you have two basic options: one-on-one tutoring with an individual coach, or classes taken through an SAT coaching company. I recommend an individual tutor in most cases. Usually, students who struggle to master the SAT on their own have specific learning needs in specific areasa difficulty with math, a need to build vocabulary, problems with certain test strategies, and so on. SAT coaching classes are, by necessity, one size fits all. Unless you truly need to improve in every single skill and aspect of the SAT exam, the  one-size-fits-all nature of SAT classes will offer you a lot of coaching that you dont need. Still, there is one instance in which I do encourage students to consider SAT classes rather than tutoring. When a student is a non-native English speaker, classes can be very beneficial. Language learning happens very easily in group settings, and SAT classes can really help ESL students learn the language of the SAT and its sections. Reasons to  not use SAT exam coaching Never assume you need SAT exam coaching before youve even done any SAT prep on your own. Many SAT test-takersprobably the majority of themprepare for the test primarily through self-study. So dont consider tutoring unless youve already done a good deal of SAT self-study and disliked the results. You should also hold off on getting an SAT coach if you havent yet taken one of the SATs official practice tests. If you took a mock test from an unofficial source (a source other than the College Board) and did poorly, this doesnt necessarily mean youll do poorly on the real exam. The best way to know how you might do on test day is to take an exam made from real SAT questions, sponsored by the makers of the test. If you do well on a College Board practice test, you dont need SAT coaching. And if you do poorly on the real thing, try self-study first, then turn to a test prep coach if self-study isnt cutting it. SAT exam coaching should be an as-needed resource, not a primary form of test prep that you turn to right away.

Central Washington University GPA, SAT and ACT Scores

Serial Killers On Death Row - 1488 Words

Capital punishment aims to avoid injustice and crime rates, as it now verified to be legal and constitutional. This method can help save lives, especially because of serial killers on death row. Serial killers slaughter many people, as they would kill innocent people on the streets. A prime example is Ted Bundy. According to his lawyer, Bundy killed over a hundred people and most of them were women who he also sexually assaulted. He was also extremely intelligent, as he escaped from the jail cells in both Utah and Colorado. Therefore, for somebody like him, a life sentence may not work because he was able to charm the workers. With his charm and personality, he received many privileges, such as library access. He also seemed to show no remorse, because he openly denied killing innocent bystanders until the night before his execution. Therefore, for somebody like him; whom the public somehow obsessed over, was aware of his horrid actions, and knew how to escape jail; a life in prison would not have succeeded. He was executed and this may have saved many lives of women because there is no longer the possibly of him escaping jail for a third time. In addition, criminologists have longed studied that statistics of the effects on crime rates. Ernest van den Haag, a professor at Fordham University, wrote,† Even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, and perhaps cannot be, capital punishment is likely to deter more than other punishments because people fear deathShow MoreRelated Serial Killers Essay790 Words   |  4 Pages The nineteen-seventies was an incredible decade. It was a decade of change, one of freedom, a time for great music. It was also an incredible decade for shock, fear and serial killers. John Wayne Gacy, an amateur clown, was a pedophiliac homosexual. He tortured and killed thirty three little boys and stored their remains under his house. David Berkowitz, a.k.a. the Son of Sam, stalked New York City from nineteen-sixty-seven to nineteen-seventy-seven. He claimed to have been following a voice fromRead More The Life of Mass Murderer, Henry Lee Lucas Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Mass Murderer, Henry Lee Lucas Henry Lee Lucas enjoyed holding the title of the most infamous man on death row. His fleeting fame did not evolve from the three cold-blooded murders he did commit, but from hundreds of murders he did not. (Bonnie Bobit) He confessed to hundreds of murders to prove several points, as well as to delay his death sentence. Lucas lived through a childhood of abuse and neglect. If there is a case that proves a persons childhood is reflected in their laterRead MoreEssay on Female Serial Killers738 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers While most of the violent crimes that happens most are them are belongs to men, women have not been the wilting flowers promoted so heartily by Victorian adorers and (right or wrong) often evident in todays society. Before we get into detail about the fascinating phenomenon of the Black Widow, it is worth a brief overview of womens escalating role in the world of violent crime, particularly in the United States. Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming riseRead MoreThe Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesThe mind and motivation of a serial killer Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry LucasRead More The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages The mind and motivation of a serial killer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behaviorRead MoreWho Is The Serial Killer?1564 Words   |  7 Pageson the individuals described which one is the serial killer? There is one close by. Could it be the ice cream vendor? Alternatively, maybe the father, possibly even the elderly woman next to you. Most people would automatically assume that the serial killer is the man that is antisocial; walking briskly; head down bundled up on such a warm day. While yes, this is odd it does not necessarily mean that he is capable of killing. Actually, the serial killer in your midst is the m an on crutches asking forRead MoreSerial Killers, Organized Killers And Disorganized Killers1048 Words   |  5 PagesA serial killer is someone who murders three or more people, usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant break between them. There are three types of serial killers: medical killers, organized killers, and disorganized killers. A medical killer is the rarest type of serial killers. This kind of killer feels they have the best and most perfect cover because it’s very common for people in hospitals to passRead MoreWomen Serial Killers or Partners to One678 Words   |  3 Pagesthe victims. Most peoples initial reaction to a woman taken into custody for murder is â€Å"She must have been abused.† There is very limited research on female serial killers, and even less so as women in partnerships with men since they are rare cases. However, according to a study produced by Hickey (2006), 31% of the 64 female serial killers between 1826 and 2004 were in a partnership. Women who enter these partnerships either want to be taken seriously as an offender (Thompson 2009), or want toRead MoreThe Role Of Female Serial Killers On The Mind Of A Serial Killer1594 Words   |  7 PagesDelving into the mind of a serial killer can be a dark and twisted place to go, but also very interesting and intriguing at the same time. While the majority of serial killers in history have been men, women have also had their place in this type of crime. Often our first question when we hear the news of a new serial killer, our first question is â€Å"who is he?† But as we will examine through the research for this paper, women can also be geared to not only kill but to do it over and over again. AlthoughRead MoreFritz Lang Final Scene Analysis897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Serial Killer and the Criminals In the final scene of the 1931 crime drama, M (dir. Fritz Lang), the child serial killer Hans Beckert (Peter Lorre) is finally captured and put on trial by the criminal network of the city. Finally surrounded and forced to deal with his crimes, this scene slowly shows Bekert’s unraveling as he loses all sense of control, submitting to the crowd of criminals surrounding him. By using elements of mise en scà ¨ne such as setting, blocking, and acting style, the scene

Modern Hero vs. Anglo Saxon Hero Essay - 814 Words

Todays modern day hero has similarities and differences than the Anglo-Saxon hero. The two heroes each have different values they believe in. Also, they are motivated to fight for different reasons. An Anglo-Saxon hero also fights differently than a modern day hero. An example of this comparison is Bono from the band U2 and Beowulf. Both modern day heroes, like Bono and Anglo-Saxon heroes, like Beowulf, try to improve their societies, but do it in different ways and for different reasons. Anglo-Saxon heroes have only a few things in common with modern day heroes. One of the things is that they both want to improve the society that they come from. That I, alone and with the help of my men, may purge all evil from this hall (Raffel†¦show more content†¦He raised his arms and seized her by the shoulder (Raffel 509-510). Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon heroes fight their battles with their fists. On the other hand, modern hero fights with their minds. In 1992 Bono took part in a campaign organized by Greenpeace against radioactive pollution (The City Council of Turin, no page). Bono has organized and created many foundations that help and save people all over the world. Another Difference these two types of heroes have is why they fight their battles. I sold my life for this treasure and I sold it well (Raffel 820-821). The Anglo-Saxon heroic code states that Anglo Saxon heroes are seeking fortune. Beowulf makes many references in the poem of how he seeks wealth. Modern day heroes are the complete of this. All of Bonos foundations are non-profit and the money they raise goes right to various charities. In modern day society it is considered greedy for a celebrity to seek money. On the other hand, it is perfectly normal and accepted for an Anglo-Saxon hero to seek wealth. It was respected and not uncommon for an Anglo-Saxon hero to boast. This is a major difference between Anglo-Saxon heroes and modern day heroes. Bono has not once bragged about all of the good things he has done, or the money he makes. Meanwhile, through out the whole poem Beowulf is bragging about his strengths, riches, and ancestors. All modern day heroes would not be considered heroesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf: Themes1038 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf: Themes The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendent of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel s mother and a Dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon story teller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elementsRead MoreBeowulf vs. Gilgamesh1212 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf Vs. Gilgamesh The two cultures I chose to compare heroic values for are the ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Anglo-Saxon cultures. The texts I used in the comparison are Gilgamesh for Mesopotamia and Beowulf for Anglo-Saxon. Although they posses many similar heroic characteristics they also differ greatly. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventuresRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the epic poem, Beowulf, perhaps the most important theme seen throughout is the portrayal of good and evil, and how this portrayal impacts the story. The epic poem is about an epic hero, Beowulf, who is completely thought of as a good character and a strong warrior. The unknown author of this poem makes Beowulf out to be, ultimately, a glorified killer of the perceived monsters. However, the poem in and of itself is an opinionated story which gives the bare amount of opposition to show that perhapsRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1190 Words   |  5 PagesEarth. God’s perfect creation became faulted when the fallen angel, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve into eating a forbidden fruit. By partaking of the forbidden fruit, sin was born on Earth. The birthing of such catastrophe--evil--has affected even the modern millennial generation. That occurrence marked the beginning of the perennial conflict of good versus evil--light versus darkness. The conflicts are traced all the way back to the very beginning of mankind when evil tempted Adam and Eve into takingRead MoreEssay on Good and Evil in Beowulf1042 Words   |  5 Pagesgranted Beowulf overwhelming victory. The book stated, The Ruler of the heavens brought about a right issue, when once more he stood up with ease. God stood with ease because the beast he hated, Grendel, was dead. Beowulf was a mighty, honorable hero who had super strength and the ego to match his strength. He defeated Grendel with his bare hands, and then he fought Grendel’s vengeful mother. Tired and torn, Beowulf, through his goodness, was able to vanquish Grendel’s mother. , At the brinkRead MoreEssay on Beowulf study guide1576 Words   |  7 PagesMany cr itics and teachers believe that Beowulf contains themes that are relevant to modern life. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer in an essay. A. agree may refer to themes that always are relevant to human life: good vs. evil; the glorification of generous rulers who try to do good for others; the importance of dedication, bravery, and fairness. 11) Is good a more powerful force than evil in the modern world? Explain your opinion. A. I would argue that good is a stronger power thanRead MoreGood Vs Evil In Beowulf1618 Words   |  7 Pages Bertha 2 Caroline Bertha Mrs. Morris English 11 28 August 2017 Beowulf The Anglo-Saxon people seemed very spiritual. They seemed to support proper burials of the dead, as seen when Shield passed away at the beginning of the story. They tried to live by peace and only get involved in conflict when necessary. Some similarities between their culture and our culture wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 3700 Words   |  15 Pagespoem is one of the first works composed in the English language. It also tells us about the Anglo-Saxon people who lived in England and their culture. What values did these people support? What ideals did they try to live by? How do their values compare to our values today? Try to find similarities between our culture and this ancient culture. Use examples from text to support your points. The Anglo-Saxon people in England at this time followed the Germanic heroic code which values courage, loyaltyRead MoreIntroduction And Brief History Of Comics And The Adventures Of Obadiah Oldbuck 1952 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction and brief history of comics Modern comics have been in existence since the 1880’s where it was printed in a newspaper by Alfred Harmsworth (Although there is other publications which can be considered to be the first comics e.g. ‘Poor Richards Almanac – 1732’ or ‘The adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck – 1842’ (Tychinski, 2015)). The idea was to used up left over space in the newspaper by have a small section for children with ‘non-serious, harmless’ material. During the same period, theRead MoreChapter 23-25 Notes for Ap Us History6413 Words   |  26 Pagesenacted. The Southern states also enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure the denial of voting for the Souths black population. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Souths segregation in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Following the panic of 1873 and the resulting depression, railroad workers went on strike after their wages

Experimental Investigation on Zirconium Oxide with Engine...

1. INTRODUCTION Nano materials have inmost a huge concentration in the last two decades because of their unique properties that find potential applications in many fields of science and technology. It has grown explosively in the last decade, because of the increasing availability of methods, synthesis of nanomaterials as well as tools of characterization and manipulation. Nanotechnology makes us to believe that we would have the ability to create anything that we could precisely define. Synthesis of nanomaterials is another key issue. General approaches in synthesizing nanomaterials involve vapour, liquid or solid state routes or their intelligent combinations. Size effects are an essential aspect of nanomaterials. Size effects are of†¦show more content†¦The most of the researches in the past for nanomaterials like CuO, Al ¬2o3 and other materials and few in Tio2 and Zro2. Ehsan et al. 2013(1) in their work add copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles to engine oil and evaluate the produced changes in some of its properties like, viscosity, pour point, and flash point of nanolubricants at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 wt.%), and also their thermal conductivity coefficient as for quality parameters which are effective in the functionality of engine oil are checked. From the results, thermal conductivity coefficient and flash point of nanolubricants with 0.1 wt.% concentration had 3% and 7.9% improvement with respect to the base oil, at a lower conce ntration with respect to the engine oil without CuO had no appreciable change. Hasnah et al. (2013) [8] In their study, instability at the interfaces is created by dispersing 0.05 wt% ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution. In their experiment four samples of unlike average crystallite size were used to study the effect of particle size on the spontaneous emulsification process. From the study, ZnO Nanofluid which consists of larger particles size gives 145%increase in the oil recovery as compared with the smaller ZnO nanoparticles. In contrast, 63% more oil was recovered by injecting Al2O3 nanofluid of smaller particles size as compared to the larger one.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Three Free Essays

â€Å"How do you like it here?† Jane asked me, as we were washing the dishes after dinner. â€Å"On Huckleberry, I mean.† â€Å"This is not the first time I’ve been asked that today,† I said, taking the plate she handed me and drying it. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now This got a slightly raised eyebrow from Mom. â€Å"General Rybicki asked you the question,† she said. â€Å"Yup,† I said. â€Å"And what did you tell him?† Jane asked. â€Å"I told him I liked it just fine,† I said. I put the dried plate into the cupboard and waited for the next one. Jane was holding on to it. â€Å"But do you?† she asked. I sighed, only slightly dramatically. â€Å"Okay, I give up,† I said. â€Å"What’s going on? Both you and Dad were like zombies at dinner tonight. I know you missed it, because you were wrapped up in your own heads, but I spent most of dinner trying to get either of you to talk more than a grunt. Babar was a better conversationalist than either of you.† â€Å"I’m sorry, Zoe,† Jane said. â€Å"You’re forgiven,† I said. â€Å"But I still want to know what’s going on.† I motioned to Jane’s hand, to remind her I was still waiting on that plate. She handed it over. â€Å"General Rybicki has asked your father and me to be the leaders of a new colony.† It was my turn to hold on to the plate. â€Å"A new colony.† â€Å"Yes,† Jane said. â€Å"As in, ‘on another planet’ new colony,† I said. â€Å"Yes,† said Jane. â€Å"Wow,† I said. â€Å"Yes,† Jane said. She knew how to get mileage out of a single word. â€Å"Why did he ask you?† I asked, and resumed drying. â€Å"No offense, Mom. But you’re a constable in a tiny little village. And Dad’s an ombudsman. It’s kind of a leap.† â€Å"None taken,† Jane said. â€Å"We had the same question. General Rybicki said that the military experience we had would cross over. John was a major and I was a lieutenant. And whatever other experience we need Rybicki believes we can pick up quickly, before we set foot on the new colony. As for why us, it’s because this isn’t a normal colony. The colonists aren’t from Earth, they’re from ten of the oldest planets in the Colonial Union. A colony of colonists. The first of its kind.† â€Å"And none of the planets contributing colonists want another planet to have a leadership role,† I ventured. Jane smiled. â€Å"That’s right,† she said. â€Å"We’re the compromise candidates. The least objectionable solution.† â€Å"Got it,† I said. â€Å"It’s nice to be sort of wanted.† We continued washing dishes in silence for a few minutes. â€Å"You didn’t answer my question,† Jane said, eventually. â€Å"Do you like it here? Do you want to stay on Huckleberry?† â€Å"I get a vote?† I asked. â€Å"Of course you do,† Jane said. â€Å"If we take this, it would mean leaving Huckleberry for at least a few standard years while we got the colony up and running. But realistically it would mean leaving here for good. It would mean all of us leaving here for good.† â€Å"If,† I said, a little surprised. â€Å"You didn’t say yes.† â€Å"It’s not the sort of decision you make in the middle of a sorghum field,† Jane said, and looked at me directly. â€Å"It’s not something we can just say yes to. It’s a complicated decision. We’ve been looking over the information all afternoon, seeing what the Colonial Union’s plans are for the colony. And then we have to think about our lives here. Mine, John’s and yours.† I grinned. â€Å"I have a life here?† I asked. This was meant as a joke. Jane squashed it. â€Å"Be serious, Zoe,† she said. The grin left my face. â€Å"We’ve been here for half of your life now. You have friends. You know this place. You have a future here, if you want it. You can have a life here. It’s not something to be lightly tossed aside.† She plunged her hands into the sink, searching under the soap suds for another dish. I looked at Jane; there was something in her voice. This wasn’t just about me. â€Å"You have a life here,† I said. â€Å"I do,† Jane said. â€Å"I like it here. I like our neighbors and our friends. I like being the constable. Our life here suits me.† She handed me the casserole dish she’d just cleaned. â€Å"Before we came here I spent all my life in the Special Forces. On ships. This is the first world I’ve actually lived on. It’s important to me.† â€Å"Then why is this a question?† I said. â€Å"If you don’t want to go, then we shouldn’t do it.† â€Å"I didn’t say I wouldn’t go,† Jane said. â€Å"I said I have a life here. It’s not the same thing. There are good reasons to do it. And it’s not just my decision to make.† I dried and put away the casserole dish. â€Å"What does Dad want?† I asked. â€Å"He hasn’t told me yet,† Mom said. â€Å"You know what that means,† I said. â€Å"Dad’s not subtle when there’s something he doesn’t want to do. If he’s taking his time to think about it, he probably wants to do it.† â€Å"I know,† Mom said. She was rinsing off the flatware. â€Å"He’s trying to find a way to tell me what he wants. It might help him if he knew what we wanted first.† â€Å"Okay,† I said. â€Å"This is why I asked you if you liked it here,† Jane said, again. I thought about it as I dried the kitchen counter. â€Å"I like it here,† I said, finally. â€Å"But I don’t know if I want to have a life here.† â€Å"Why not?† Jane asked. â€Å"There’s not much here here, is there?† I said. I waved toward the general direction of New Goa. â€Å"The selection of life choices here is limited. There’s farmer, farmer, store owner, and farmer. Maybe a government position like you and Dad.† â€Å"If we go to this new colony your choices are going to be the same,† Jane said. â€Å"First wave colonist life isn’t very romantic, Zoe. The focus is on survival, and preparing the new colony for the second wave of colonists. That means farmers and laborers. Outside of a few specialized roles that will already be filled, there’s not much call for anything else.† â€Å"Yes, but at least it would be somewhere new,† I said. â€Å"There we’d be building a new world. Here we’re just maintaining an old one. Be honest, Mom. It’s kind of slow around these parts. A big day for you is when someone gets into a fistfight. The highlight of Dad’s day is settling a dispute over a goat.† â€Å"There are worse things,† Jane said. â€Å"I’m not asking for open warfare,† I said. Another joke. And once again, another stomping from Mom. â€Å"It’ll be a brand-new colony world,† she said. â€Å"They’re the ones most at risk for attack, because they have the fewest people and the least amount of defense from the CDF. You know that as well as anyone.† I blinked, actually surprised. I did know it as well as anyone. When I was very young – before I was adopted by Jane and John – the planet I lived on (or above, since I was on a space station) was attacked. Omagh. Jane almost never brought it up, because she knew what it did to me to think about it. â€Å"You think that’s what’s going to happen here?† I asked. Jane must have sensed what was going on in my head. â€Å"No, I don’t,† she said. â€Å"This is an unusual colony. It’s a test colony in some ways. There will be political pressure for this colony to succeed. That means more and better defenses, among other things. I think we’ll be better defended than most colonies starting out.† â€Å"That’s good to know,† I said. â€Å"But an attack could still happen,† Jane said. â€Å"John and I fought together at Coral. It was one of the first planets humans settled, and it was still attacked. No colony is totally safe. There are other dangers, too. Colonies can get wiped out by local viruses or predators. Bad weather can kill crops. The colonists themselves could be unprepared. Colonizing – real colonizing, not what we’re doing here on Huckleberry – is hard, constant work. Some of the colonists could fail at it and take the rest of the colony with them. There could be bad leaders making bad decisions.† â€Å"I don’t think we’d have to worry about that last one,† I said. I was trying to lighten the mood. Jane didn’t take the bait. â€Å"I’m telling you this isn’t without risk,† she said. â€Å"It’s there. A lot of it. And if we do this, we go in with our eyes open to that risk.† This was Mom all over. Her sense of humor wasn’t as deprived as Hickory’s and Dickory’s – I can actually make her laugh. But it doesn’t stop her from being one of the most serious people I’ve ever met in my life. When she wants to get your attention about something she thinks is important, she’s going to get it. It’s a good quality to have, but right at the moment it was making me seriously uncomfortable. That was her plan, no doubt. â€Å"Mom, I know,† I said. â€Å"I know it has risks. I know that a lot of things could go wrong. I know it wouldn’t be easy.† I waited. â€Å"But,† Jane said, giving me the prompt she knew I was waiting for. â€Å"But if you and Dad were leading it, I think it’d be worth the risk,† I said. â€Å"Because I trust you. You wouldn’t take the job if you didn’t think you could handle it. And I know you wouldn’t put me at risk unnecessarily. If you two decided to do it, I would want to go. I would definitely want to go.† I was suddenly aware that while I was speaking, my hand had drifted to my chest, and was lightly touching the small pendant there: a jade elephant, given to me by Jane. I moved my hand from it, a little embarrassed. â€Å"And no matter what, starting a new colony wouldn’t be boring,† I said, to finish up, a little lamely. Mom smiled, unplugged the sink and dried her hands. Then she took a step over to me and kissed the top of my head; I was short enough, and she was tall enough, that it was a natural thing for her. â€Å"I’ll let your dad stew on it for a few more hours,† she said. â€Å"And then I’ll let him know where we stand.† â€Å"Thanks, Mom,† I said. â€Å"And sorry about dinner,† she said. â€Å"Your dad gets wrapped up in himself sometimes, and I get wrapped up in noticing he’s wrapped up in himself.† â€Å"I know,† I said. â€Å"You should just smack him and tell him to snap out of it.† â€Å"I’ll put that on the list for future reference,† Jane said. She gave me another quick peck and then stepped away. â€Å"Now go do your homework. We haven’t left the planet yet.† She walked out of the kitchen. How to cite Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Three, Essay examples

Nuclear Matter Phase Diagram

Question: Describe about the Article for Nuclear Matter Phase Diagram. Answer: The phase diagram tends to denote the various phases of a particular substance which tends to vary with various external characteristics such as pressure, temperature and density. This phase diagram is not only relevant for matter but also for nuclear particles and is one of the most significant topics in the field of nuclear physics. With regards to exploring more about the various phases of the nuclear particles, the leading and lone experiment is the STAR (Solenoidol Tracker at RHIC) experiment which is being currently performed at RHIC. The composition of nuclear matter consists of baryons and mesons blobs which are composed of smaller sub-particles called as quarks which are held together by gluons. A meson is made of a quark and anti-quark unlike baryon which is made of three quarks. Hagedorn through his experiment concluded that it is not possible to heat matter more than a particular temperature called as the limiting temperature defined at 160-180 MeV. However, this concept of limiting temperature can also be extended to nuclear matter as If the nuclear matter is heated beyond the limiting temperature, then there would not be separate hadrons (i.e. protons and neutrons) but these would be present in the form of the various constituents namely quarks and gluons which is commonly known as QCD or quark-gluon plasma. It is a challenge to produce this very high temperature in a laboratory environment where the nuclear particles phase may be studied and analysed. This is achieved through the collisions of heavy nuclei which tend to move at very high speeds as they are passed through a solenoidal magnetic field which provides acceleration to these particles. When these collisions happen, the requisite limiting temperature is reached and certain particles are produced whose distribution and correlation is studied so as to opine on the phases of the nuclear matter. This typically is achieved through the detector which plays a very crucial role in all such experiments. Although the best physicists are working on this experiment but yet the data obtained thus far has been inconclusive and hence going ahead more and accurate data is required so as to reach concluding evidence with regards to presence of QCD.

Employment Opportunity in Gender and Employment

Question: Discuss about the Employment Opportunity in Gender and Employment. Answer: Introduction: Tremendous progress regarding gender equality has been witnessed in the labour market. However, in some countries, women continue to face unequal compensation for the same work, despite the ongoing campaign against such discrimination. Unequal compensation for women in the same job category as their male counterpart is a problem which has persisted in Australia and many other countries (Baird, 2011, p. 75). In understanding this issue, intense research should be done to establish the link between employment and this form of discrimination. This paper intends to summarise the two articles, which are, Will the real gender pay gap please stand up? by R. Cassells and 100 million Kalashnikovs: gendered power on a world scale by R.Connell. After which I will develop my position regarding gender and employment. Rebecca introduces her article by acknowledging that the gender pay gap is not an explicit subject to many. The confusion which characterises it is rooted in the belief that gender pay gap equally means direct discrimination. Besides, it is also rooted in the misunderstanding of what gender pay gap informs the public in reference to the overall inequality which marks the Australian labour market. Therefore, in her article Cassells calls for clarity on the concept of gender pay gap and what it can inform the public concerning the present and future economic security of women and the missed opportunity in the human resource as well as investment. She postulates gender gap pay as the difference between the average wages of men and women working for the same hours. Rebecca further notes that Australia has witnessed a growth in the numbers of women joining the labour force. She identifies paid parental leave, levels of education, availability of child care, and flexible working condition as the main elements which have facilitated the increase of women in the labour force. Conversely, she notes that despite the numerous legislations to curb workplace inequalities, the gender pay gap has remained constant. Cassells also identify why gender pay gap features Australian labour market. She recognizes segregation as one of the reasons. Segregation in this sense means men tend to dominate in given sector while women dominate another sector. For example, in Australia men dominate in the mining and construction industries while women dominate in the education and the healthcare sector. She concludes her article by recommending a thorough study on the possible drivers of the gender pay gap in order to identify an amicable solution to this problem (Cassells, 2017, p. 1-4). Raewyn Connell opens her article by affirming the need to think about gender in a global perspective. She identifies militarization across the continents and regions, neoliberal maquila economy, complicity of the states, violence due to drug trafficking menace, and the wider context of violence as the principal reasons why gender issues must be analysed from a global viewpoint. The article also suggests that thinking of gender as a global issue should entail thinking of concepts such as race, nation, class, and capitalist world order and how they are related to gender. However, she quickly notes that such an approach is inadequate and weak. She, therefore, recommends a better approach which includes considering how gender itself is global phenomenon, how neoliberal capitalism and its class and race structures are planned through gender as well as interacting with gender relations. In addition, Connell identifies transnational corporation (TNC) as an ideal starting point while thinking about gender within a global economy. She anchors her reasons for this choice on the fact that almost all TNCs top managers are men. Besides, TNCs employ women to handle the lighter duties of service workers, clericals, and sales people. Men, on the other hand, are hired to handle the demanding tasks such as technicians, guards, long distance drivers, and tradesmen. Raewyn concludes her article by giving a reflection on the feminism struggle against structured masculinity which has been integrated into different forms of leadership (Connell, 2016, p. 3-17). My position on Gender and Employment Advocating for equal and just remuneration as well as equal income opportunities for both men and women has been a top agenda for the International Labour Organization (ILO). ILO has established that assimilating gender issues into employment structures enhance productivity which leads to rapid economic growth. Similarly, the move leads to sustainable development, human resource expansion, and reduction in poverty. Integrating gender equality into the labour force has achieved minimal progress over the previous decades. Hence, narrowing the gender pay gap and gender inequality in workplaces persist as a major challenge. Although millions of women have emerged as successful entrepreneurs, women remain the most underrepresented group in major decision-making forums (Charlesworth, 2012, p. 110). Especially, in the developing nations, women constitute the majority of those who face unemployment, poor working conditions, and earn less wages as compared to their male counterpart. It is thus explicit that in large extent women do not enjoy equal privileges in employment as their male counterparts. As a consequence, they are prone to socioeconomic difficulties. Women become vulnerable to socioeconomic challenges due to gender-based discrimination as well as multiple roles they take part in as caretakers and workers of the society (Haque, 2008, p. 32). These duties entrusted to them, deny them opportunities to further their education, develop their skills, accesses productive resources, and compete fairly with their male counterparts. This problem can largely be attributed to social norms which ascribe gender roles. Besides, women are mostly involved in care work which is unpaid, and this further increases their challenge to engage in economically productive work. Promotion of gender equality in employment is possible only through adoption of life-cycle and rights-based approach. This approach is the ideal because it advocates for productive and decent employment. The approach further enhances equal income opportunities for men and women. The approach minimizes situations which lead to economic disadvantages. For example, if a young girl experiences discrimination in her childhood she automatically becomes prone to socioeconomic difficulties. Such socioeconomic limitations reduce her employability in future, thus increasing chances of her to end up poor in life (Rawstron, 2013, p. 780). The approach ensures adequate advancement of the human resource through ensuring equal accesses to training, education, and skill development. Such a move enhances higher employability for both young men and women. Equally, creation of inclusive employment markets which integrate equity and changing economic phenomenon ensure sustainable employment of the both men and women. Sustainability facilitates income security for both genders (Burgess and Strachan, 2010, p. 90). In conclusion, promotion of gender in employment is not an easy and straightforward process. It demands reduction of the inequalities regardless of which side they favour (Skinner, and Pocock, 2011, p. 75). Only adequate understanding of the gender concept can lead to annihilation of the gender gap. References Baird, M., (2011). Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and historical overview. Women at Work: Research, Policy and Practice, pp 77103, Tilde University Press. Burgess, J., French, E., and Strachan, G. (2010). The diversity management approach to Equal Employment Opportunity in Australian organisations, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 20(1), pp 77-92. Cassells, R. (2017). Will the real gender pay gap please stand up?. THE CONVERSATION, Academic rigour, journalistic flair, pp.1-4. Charlesworth, S,. (2012). Decent working conditions for care workers? The intersections of employment regulation, the funding market and gender norms. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 25(2),pp 107-125. Connell, R. (2016). 100 million Kalashnikovs: gendered power on a world scale. Debate Feminista, 51, pp 3-17. Haque, R., (2008). Non-English Speaking Background Migrant Women in Australia, 2, 6472, Springer Science Business Media. Copyright. Rawstron, K., (2013). Academic employment and gender equity legislation in Australia and Japan, 1970-2010. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32(8), pp.777-793. Skinner, N., and Pocock, B, (2011). Flexibility and work-life interference in Australia, Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(1),pp 65-82.

Atomic Bomb Essays (1026 words) - , Term Papers

Atomic Bomb Now imagine yourself for a while being in one of the following Japanese cities, Hiroshima or Nagasaki. You are having a normal day like always when suddenly you look up at the sky and see an airplane drop millions of papers warning you to get out of your city. The paper fliers tell you to leave your city because you are about to be bombed by a single bomb capable of destroying the entire city. You think it a joke so you do nothing as everyone else does. Three days pass and you are still thinking about what the paper said. Suddenly you hear the expected plane, your heart starts pumping faster, then you see the plane deploy a large object from the sky, you start thinking about what the paper said but now its too late. You see the object hit the ground. There is a large flash, people are running and screaming down the street. Then you realize it really was a bomb. This event took place in World War II when the United States dropped the atomic bomb in Japan. I am going to be speculating about speculation about the cause and effect of the atomic bomb. In 1939, the German born scientist Albert Einstein had informed President Roosevelt about the possibility of creating a powerful bomb. It would produce an extremely powerful explosion by splitting the atom. Einstein and other scientist feared that Germany might develop such a bomb first. In 1942, the United States set up a secret project called the Manhattan Project, to develop the first atomic bomb. The first test explosion of an atomic bomb occurred in the New Mexico Desert in July 1945. Roosevelt died in April 1945, and Vice President Harry S. Truman became President of the United States. Truman met with the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin the Russian dictator in Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. At the Potsdam Conference, a conference between the Allied forces to discuss war options, Truman learned of the successful test explosion of the atomic bomb and informed the other Allied leaders, that the atomic bomb was complete and ready. The United States, Britain, and China then issued a statement threatening to destroy Japan unless it surrendered unconditionally. In spite of the warning, Japan kept on fighting. Japan also did more than continue fighting. Japan knowing that an Allied invasion was inevitable began to train its civilians to defend the Japanese homeland. Civilians learned how to attack and kill Allied soldiers using sharpened bamboo sticks. Not only did Japan continue fighting but it began to train its civilians to fight to the death using sharpened bamboo sticks to defend its homeland. On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 Bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb used on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. After Japanese leaders failed to respond to the bombing, the United States dropped a larger bomb on Nagasaki on August 9. World War II ended shortly after United States Warplanes dropped atomic bombs on Japanese cities. Some Japanese military leaders committed suicide. The bombs killed between 120,000 and 140,000 people, largely destroyed both cities, and helped end the war. These were some of the causes of World War II. One of the causes of World War II that made the United States join the war was the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Another thing that started World War II was Hitler prosecuting the Jews. It is widely believed that he use of the atomic bomb on Japan was to stop their hunger for power and to save millions of soldiers lives from being killed in the possible invasion of Japan. These were the effects of using the atomic bomb. Thousands of people killed and injured in the two Japanese cities. American POWs in those cities were also killed. Massive destruction in the two Japanese cities after the bomb went off. After the second bomb, there was almost immediate surrender by Japan. Thousands, maybe millions, of allied soldiers saved by not having to invade Japan. The Russians were sent a clear message that we were not afraid to use this new weapon to stop aggression. This also started the beginning of the

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Both the trailers of Gladiator and Pokemon show their titles at the end. This gives a dramatic line up towards the title. Both titles are shown very well. There are loud thumps and the fonts of the titles make connection to its background and sound effects. In the trailers, this happens with all the big names including actors and directors. Both Gladiator and Pokemon are action packed, so their genres are action-adventure. The trailer of Gladiator, however, shows more violence in terms of blood and gore. On the other hand, Pokemon shows the kind of violence that is suitable for children. The older, more mature person may find the trailer of Pokemon less interesting, as firstly it shows bright colours in two- dimensional characters therefore being a cartoon, and secondly, all cartoons are based at children and he or she may find the trailer childish and boring. Even though the trailer of Gladiator shows more violence, the two trailers are similar in the way they show their action packed parts. The visual effects in each trailer show tiny flashes or linkages that bring the next frame to sight. The audio effects also make the audience more aware of what type of film it is. Gladiator starts with loud, heavy drum beats that are very powerful and helps notice what kinds of things the trailer is going to possess. From these drum beats there are louder sections of music, which match with the visuals. Together, we notice that the trailer will show action. In Pokemon, there is a heavy voice over which easily gives away the movie genre. As the voice has a powerful, calling effect, we not only notice what type of genre the trailer will show, but we also notice how demanding the trailer becomes because of it. For example, it is as if a person is calling you from the kitchen to come and see the trailer. Also, the music in the back fits in with the low voice and together they form the ultimate dynamic duos. Gladiator has an obvious unique selling point. It is Russell Crowe. Throughout each frame we see parts that link in with Russell Crowe. When we are told that Russell Crowe is starring in the film, by his name coming up in a black screen, we are straight after shown a mid shot from a camera pointing up at Russell Crowe in a mise en scene. This gives an overpowering effect and tells the audience that this is one of his movies where he means business. Even more, people who watch over trailers will see that in the last frame of the trailer, the name Russell Crowe appears before the title itself. This is called an A list and shows that Russell Crowe is the main actor of the film. The unique selling point of the Pokemon trailer is somewhat different to an actual man in Gladiator. As visual effects of the trailer are always based on Pokemon, we know that the unique selling point cannot be anything else but the title of the trailer itself. The Pokemon craze was very well set up. When it spread to western countries including England, every child had to watch Pokemon television programmes, have their own set of Pokemon cards, toys and videos. When the trailer was released every child had to go and see the movie it brought with it. So the unique selling point is far less materialised, but is the actual Pokemon craze itself. In the Pokemon trailer, although we are made to believe the fight is between Mew and Mewtwo, we see many of the Pokemon in trailer wandering about or in the battles themselves. But even then we see that the craze is far more powerful than any other specific unique selling point. Therefore by analysing both the genres of the trailers and their unique selling points we are able to see the target audiences that the directors are selecting. The target audiences for Gladiator are those who enjoy blood and gore, and those that like or would die for Russell Crowe. Target audiences for the Pokemon trailer are those who enjoy cartoons and those who are mentally and physically obsessed with the Pokemon itself i.e. children. We can say mentally and physically because of the Pokemon craze. By mentally, I mean those children or people who enjoy watching and thinking about Pokemon. By physically, I mean those children or people who like collecting Pokemon toys and cards. In addition to the less detailed trailers, the Pokemon trailer is clever in the way that it involves its target audience: Bring all YOUR skill. This allows the target audience to be allowed to have permission to feel like they are in an actual arena instead of feeling as if they are in the same old cinem a. All movies have some kind of an advertisement. An advertisement is the act of advertising or making something known, in this case the movie, using any means of device, for obtaining public notice or notoriety. Whether it be a trailer or a poster, the whole point of them are to lure people who enjoy the kind of setting it portrays (target audience). All advertisements have their target audiences, unique selling points, genre, and show who directed the film, who acts in the film and has to show the title of the film. The adverts have visual and audio effects, which portray these subjects. As both of the trailers show these subjects very well with special effects, both the trailers were known for their class and showings of these subjects. For example, this year at the Oscars, Gladiator was awarded best picture and picked up four other Oscars as well. Russell Crowe was awarded best leading actor for his appearances in his movie premier, Gladiator. The other Oscars the movie won were Best costume design, sound and visual effects. This shows that because of the vast amount of publicity that the advertisements of Gladiator brought, so many people went to see the movie, that in the end it was awarded all those Oscars.

Challenging disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Challenging disability - Essay Example The challenge which is presented is based on defining the idea of disability from a social perspective, as well as how this can change the perception of the abilities one has. Medical Model and Definitions of Disability The traditional perception of disability is one which is defined by the social capacities one has as well as the experiences which one goes through. According to Crow, the concept of disability is one which is limited, specifically because of the definition of disability that is interpreted within society. The main focus is that one who is disabled has gone through a personal tragedy, specifically which leads to disadvantages, oppression of opportunities and impairments that don’t allow for the same experiences of life to be a part of what one needs. The problem which occurs is one which is based on the medical model of disability, specifically which is interpreted in society as a social context which impairs one from life experiences (Crow, 1996). The definiti ons of disability are one which is defined specifically through a medical application. One who has impairment has a loss of psychological, physical or anatomical structures or functions. One who has a disability is restricted or has a lack of performance of activities, specifically which relates to an impairment. ... Crow shows that the medical model is one which doesn’t align with the social model, which creates the attitude that the individual who is suffering from impairment can’t overcome the difficulty or struggle. Instead, the impairment creates a lack or loss in all activities that one can do within a given environment (Crow, 1996). The main challenge which Crow shows with the concept of disability are that the social stigma surrounding a handicap means that an individual is incapable of everything. For instance, if one has impairment with hearing, then this leads to the inability of all functions both mentally and physically and eliminates the individual from activities that are within society. The experiences which one has differ from the social stigma which has arisen around the concept of disability. The assumptions that are made within society then create a stereotype of the experiences and ideals which are based around the handicapped and impaired. This leads to a belie f that the quality of life that one has who is impaired is limited in experience. However, those who are disabled may not have the limited experience or restrictions which others in society have labeled them with (Crow, 1996). Social Context of Disability The main stereotypes which are taken with the terms of disability are furthered by the ways in which society responds to the given labels which are created outside of medical terms. The first stigma which is created is one which leads to a sense of oppression. When one believes that an individual is disabled, then there is a perspective that this means all the functions and abilities of the individual are limited. The response is to oppress those who are in this state, such as not providing the same

Global health issue - Lung Cancer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global health issue - Lung Cancer - Assignment Example Likewise, case-control studies and recent prospective cohort which have factored tobacco smoking and occupational and various cancer risk factors, have constantly to report upsurges in lung cancer related to air pollution. In light of the done research, the question is perhaps not â€Å"Are some lung cancers caused by air pollution?†, but rather â€Å"What are the excess cases likely to be caused? The existing evidence from the research suggests that proper education and awareness of the negative consequences will relatively assist to lessen the possibility and effectively cure the issues related to lung cancer but silent on the specific environmental risk factors related to air pollution. This is a concern for lung cancer is attributable to air pollution that can occur among both notorious smokers and non-smokers, and thus both effect modification and residual confounding of the air pollution and another environmental relative risk due to smoking must be well-thought-out. Na fstad et al report the relative risks of air pollution adjusted for cigarette smoking, but adjustment cannot have organized completely for possible confounding. The authors recognize that their research has information or details on cigarette smoking merely at the start of the follow-up period. Further studies and real-time solutions of outdoor air pollution globally and lung cancer in will need to detail concurrent or past exposures to various risk factors, particularly now that there is an increasing trend in the rates of global warming.

Nigerian Construction Industry Performance

Nigerian Construction Industry Performance Chapter Two of this research comprises a comprehensive review of literature relating to the Nigerian construction industry and its performance, Value Management and its application in the construction industry. It is noted that much of the literature relating to Nigeria is dated, however this can only add to the value and relevance of primary data collected in this research and it provides a background and historic basis from which progress in the industry may be measured. 2.1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The construction industry the world over is often perceived to be the life wire of its respective economy as it cuts across all aspects of human activities (Ayangade, 2009) and the Nigerian construction industry is not an exception to this. Its contribution ranges from enabling the procurement of goods and services to the provision of buildings and other infrastructure, thereby providing employment opportunities to its labour force while contributing immensely to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to Ayangade (2009), the contribution of the Nigerian construction industry is yet to measure up to those of the western world like the UK and Australia due to its developing nature among other reasons discussed below. As noted by the same researcher (Ayangade, 2009), whereas the construction industries of other developed countries are responsible for about 22% of their respective GDPs, the Nigerian case is different as it contributes slightly below 16% to its economy. However, this could be said to be complemented by the relatively higher employment (20%) it provides for its whooping 140 million citizens compared to the 12% as in the case of developed countries. Mbamali (2004) attributed this to relatively lower use of mechanization within construction in Nigeria and the high dependency of the Nigerian economy on the oil sector. Obiegbu (2005) noted that the construction industry, unlike other sectors, is a complex one and requires articulate professionals who are ready to live up to its clients expectations. Clients in the construction industry may either be private individuals including corporate bodies or public organisations which include the government. In Nigeria the federal government is often seen to be involved in the most complex projects with about 38.4% of the market (Ayangade, 2005). This is followed by the state government which is responsible for about 19.2% of the projects in the industry, though there is still some form of partnering between different classes of clients. The players in the industry are a disparate group of individuals often assembled into temporary teams and may comprise of quantity surveyors, architects, Engineers, Estate surveyors Valuers, project managers, contractors and sub-contractors, suppliers, labourers and artisans. Activities in the construction industry are carried out on a project basis and could be within an organisation or part of a programme (..reference). The Project Management Institute (PMI) (2004) defined a project as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. The product, in the context of the construction industry, may be a building, services installation or other infrastructural project. Hence the relevant mix of professionals is often assembled together with the aim of achieving this goal. This group of professionals is expected to possess the relevant skills, knowledge, tools and techniques to achieve the project goals. The application of these variables, skills, knowledge, tools and techniques, with the aim achieving the required objective is referred to as project management (PMI, 2004). According to Obiegbu (2005), the contractual procurement strategy, which he defined as a basis for clients action in defining the procedure to be followed fr om the inception of the project to handover, plays an important role in the performance of the industry. Some of the contractual arrangements which are often referred to as procurement routes may include, but are not limited to, the following: Traditional procurement route Design and build Management contracts 2.1.1 Nature and Performance of the Nigerian Construction Industry the economic resources often wasted in cost and time overruns, substandard work and shoddy workmanship, client-contractor-practitioners acrimonious relationships and non-performance of projects as envisaged by clients and end users Olatunje (2009) The above quote highlights the perception of the Nigerian construction industry presented by Olatunje (2009) highlights issues researched by other authors such as cost and time overruns (Aniekwu and Okpala, 1998, Oyedele Tham, 2007, Dlakwa Culpin, 1990), project abandonment (Sonuga et al, 2002, Adams, 1997) and both client and contractor dissatisfaction (Olatunje, 2009). The quote also echoes findings from Egans (1998) research into the UK construction industry. The Egan report has been formative in the UK construction industry but also for the Nigerian industry, which is fashioned after the UKs (Mbamali, et al., 2005, Oyedele Tham, 2007). The Nigerian construction industry has similar contractual arrangements as the industry in Britain which has been found to be more unsuitable for developing industries like Nigeria than it is for its own industry (Edmonds Miles, 1983, Sonuga et al, 2002). The most common procurement route used in the Nigerian construction industry is the traditional route (Ayangade, 2009). This implies that much risk is placed on the Architect to deliver the project as he is left to advise, organise and lead other project consultants to conceive and develop the project design. This procurement route has faced a lot of criticism including the separation of the design stage from actual construction. Wells (1986) found that the divorce of design from construction and the use of competitive tendering, which is based on lowest cost, are noted constraints that affect the performance of the Nigerian construction industry. Aniekwu and Okpala (1988) referred to these as systemic issues in the industry which result from the application of contractual arrangements unsuited to the Nigerian industry. Some of these issues may be accommodated by appropriate conditions of contract but these factors are considered to be withholding the development of the industry. Aniekwu and Okpala (1988) also identified some of the structural issues affecting the industry to include access to finance and lack of proper communication among consultants, contractors and the client at the early stages the project and during construction. Oyodele and Tham (2005) noted that lack of proper communication in the industry, boosted by its high level of fragmentation, has left it awash it with delay, cost and time overruns in addition to the disturbing rate of fluctuation in the prices of materials offered by the economy. The findings of the Building Research Establishment associated more than 50% of the construction defects with mistakes in project drawings and documentation due to inadequate interaction among the proj ect professionals. This is in line with the recommendation of the National Economic Development Office (1987) on the need for more accurate designs in the industry as this is responsible for nearly two-thirds of poor quality work in the industry. 2.1.2 Project Management in the Nigerian Construction Industry Odusemi et al, (2003) found that Project Management is still in its early stages of development in the Nigerian construction industry. The service is offered but only alongside other consultancy services. This is not assisted by the fact that PM is learned experientially and is not represented by established professional bodies, although many consultants are members of the Association of Project Management (APM) and the Project Management Institute (PMI). This has left the industry struggling with the challenges of satisfying the needs of its clients and the public as a whole. As noted by Oyodale and Tham (2005), the complexities presented by the industry can only be tackled by its professionals. Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) concluded that, considering the contribution of the construction industry to its nations economy, improved services in the form of greater efficiency and timeliness would certainly yield a positive impact. The research called on the need for innovative research that will improve management skills and ability, buildability, design quality, integration and communication and client focus so as to deliver value for money. 2.2 VALUE MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 Value Concept Historically, value is viewed from an economic perspective, hence its expression as a ratio of costs to benefits (Kelly et al, 2004). The concept of value is based on the relationship between satisfying needs and the expectations and the resources required to achieve them (British Standard, 2000). The above statement implies that for value to be correctly defined there ought to be some needs that are desired to be satisfied; which are then weighed against the required and available resources to achieve them. This however does not equate reduced cost to enhanced value. For instance, as illustrated in figure 2.1 below, a project manager may decide to commit more resources in the short run (which would obviously increase cost) with an intention of increasing his revenue (improved value) in the long run. Value can thus be increased when the clients satisfaction increases and the cost in terms of resources either diminishes, or increases to a lesser extent (Tassinari (1985, p37). Figure 2.1 showing the relationship between resources and customer satisfaction. (Adapted from British Standard, 2000) A need is that which is desired or necessary to perform a particular function and will differ depending on the nature of the client or the perspective from which it is defined (British Standard, 2000). This explains why value is often seen to be a subjective term (Thiry, 1997). According to Kelly et al (2004) producers and dealers may both view value as the price of a physical object while the consumers or users would see value from its performance perspective which changes with time. McGeorge and Palmer (2002) illustrate this using a modern home which has a little battery operated radio in addition to internet, phone, and television. Of course, the small radio would be perceived to have little or no value until a snow storm cuts the house off from the electric power supply which will render the radio as the only source of communication. The above example by McGeorge and Palmer (2002) shows the effect time and innovation can have on a clients interpretation of value and how it can change given a particular situation. The small battery operated radio was initially of very high value when it was the only available option but diminished with the invention and/or acquisition of internet, phone and television by the household. However its appreciation changed when the situation change. According to Zimmerman and Hart (1982) as cited in Thiry (1997), if a design has not changed in 18 years, the product is either excellent or management has failed to improve it. However one knows that neither of these two conditions mentioned in the above statement is obtainable in the present construction industry due to its highly competitive nature. Most times clients interpretation of value is when it meets or exceeds their expectations. Kelly and Male (2007) described this using the Kanos model as shown in figure 2.3 below. Figure 2.2 Kanos Model, reproduced from Kelly and Male, 2007 As shown on Kanos model above, there are three levels of satisfaction factors; basic, performance and delighter, each having some effects on the quality characteristics including customers satisfaction. According to Kelly and Male (2007), Kanos model (figure 2.2) does not only portray the importance of achieving a clients immediate expectations from a project but also the need to go the extra mile to improve it beyond the clients expectations as this gives them a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"delighter satisfaction. The possible benefit from this is that projects would not become obsolete within a short period of its completion as its performance would still exceed the customers demand, thereby assuring the client of continued good value for his money. Kanos model also creates room for improved projects through innovative services and products as what was once a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"delighter over time goes down to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"basic and forms a baseline below which the client becomes dissatisfied. Acc ording to Harty (2009) one of the driving forces behind the value management concept is that it encourages innovation through research which is in line with the recommendations of Egan (1998) to improve the performance of the construction industry. 2.2.2 Defining the Client Value System Clients in the construction industry have been described as a heterogeneous group made up of private or public organisations operating in different environments with diverse reasons for their existence (Kelly et al 2007). Some of these are multinational organisations competing at the global level who already have reputations to protect while some are small upcoming organisations who are still very much profit driven. Viewed from another perspective, some of these clients are more experienced than others irrespective of their sizes or the sector in which they operate. It then follows that clients are unique in their own ways and have individual, respective requirements which determine their needs and hence what is of value to them. This is referred to as the client value system. Harmonizing and prioritizing these diverse views of stakeholders in a particular project at the project briefing stage sets the clients value system and ensures that value for money (VfM) is achieved, (OGC, 20 07). The client value system is thus seen as a basis for making decisions as to the allocation and use of resources available for a project, thereby addressing the usual mismatch between the clients actual intent and his capability (Thiry, 1996). According to Kelly et al (2004, p157) one of the most important considerations of value management is the recognition of the uniqueness of each clients value system. This creates demand for the construction industry as it is focused on the customers by making explicit what value means to the each individual client. Sequel to this, Kelly et al (2004) identified some measurable criteria which form a typical construction client value system to include time, capital costs, operating cost, environment, exchange, flexibility, esteem, comfort and politics. 2.2.2.1 Time Refers to the period from when the project was conceptualized to the period when it is completed and absorbed into the clients organisation. Often time is assessed on a continuum from when it is of essence to the point where it could be compromised (Kelly et al, 2004). For instance a project to build a sports bar for the 2010 world cup delivered just a day past the commencement of the tournament, may drastically affect its value. Hence it is necessary to determine what time means to the client. 2.2.2.2 Capital expenditure (CAPEX) Are those costs associated with the capital cost of a project, measured on a continuum between the budget being considered tight and not able to be exceeded to there being flexibility in budgeting (Kelly et al 2004). Simply put, CAPEX is what it cost to put a project on ground, from inception to handover. However, Elinwa and Joshua (2001) stated that it is sometimes difficult to separate the capital costs of some projects from its operating costs due the platform on which it was procured. For example a primary health centre to be procured through PFI, it may not be so easy to pin point the capital costs as it forms part of the total lease package. 2.2.2.3 Operating expenditure (OPEX) Spending on construction projects is not one off expenditure as the building requires to be operated, maintained and repaired throughout the life span of the building. According to Kelly et al (2004), OPEX can be defined as those costs associated with operation and maintenance of a completed project as it becomes a part of the clients organization; measured by the extent to which it is minimized to its point of being flexible. This depends on the use to which a building is being put to. For instance where the building is for residential purpose, the operating costs may include utilities, cleaning, repairs, maintenance, caretaker and security. This may be expanded to include photocopying and internet facilities and other office services for a commercial development. 2.2.2.4 Environment This defines how important achieving an environmentally friendly project is to the client. Kelly et al (2004) defined environment as the extent to which the project results in a sympathetic approach to its immediate and extended physical environments in terms of energy consumed in putting it up and in operating it. The yardstick here is the level to which the project complies with the Kyoto Agreement and Agenda 21 issues including other environmental regulations. This explains a clients interest in having a sustainable development which is resources conscious. 2.2.2.5 Exchange or resale This refers to the monetary value of the project were it to be sold, rented or valued as part of an organisations assets. Where the project cannot be traded on the open market value or there is no intention to resell ab initio, this will be indicated in the organisations value system (Kelly et al, 2004). The continuum here is between the returns from the project being of importance to the returns being of not of much or no importance to the client. 2.2.2.6 Flexibility As recommended by Egan (1998), there is a need for construction projects to be at a par with improvements in technology and changes in market demand. Hence flexibility as a value criterion is the extent to which a project parameter has to reflect this ever changing environment at its design stage (Kelly et al 2004). For instance, the nature of the healthcare industry involves constant improvements in technology and hence healthcare facilities must be compatible with the incorporation of these changes. However, flexibility depends on the nature of the project and is measured between being very easy to change its function to being impossible. 2.2.2.7 Esteem This refers to the amount of immediate resources that a client wants to forgo for attributes like prestige, aesthetic and appearance rather than performance (Thiry, 1996). Some projects may not be viable based on other value criteria but of high value to the client on esteem grounds. For instance, some projects undertaken by some countries could be just aimed at creating awareness and putting the countrys name on the map as in the case of the worlds tallest building in Dubai. 2.2.2.8 Comfort In the context of a building this refers to the physical and psychological comfort of the building as a place for working and living with its influence on human performance (Kelly et al 2004). Simply put, it refers to the ease with which the project supports the business carried out in it or other uses to which it is being put. 2.2.2.9 Politics This is external to projects and refers to the level of resources that the client wants to commit to the community, popularity and good neighbour issues which often determines how important they are to him (Kelly and Male, 2007). This is measured by the motive to be popular with the local community or not having any concern with them at all. In a study conducted to determine clients assessment of architects performance in Nigeria in terms of delivering value for money, Lukmon et al (2007), identified a set of 28 similar but correlated criteria which they grouped under quality of project, buildability, client focus and management skills. 2.2.3 Historical Background of Value Management A project is defined as an undertaking aimed at achieving a specific objective usually measured in terms of performance, budget and schedule, (Morris and Hough 1987). Hence project is an investment undertaken to add value to the core business of a client (Kelly et al, 2004). Value Management, as a management technique, offers the most logical approach to delivering VfM to clients (Shen and Liu 2003); Kelly and Male, 2007). Its strength may be attributed to its approach of identifying and/or verifying a clients value system among the relevant stakeholders at an early stage of the project, so that these may be reflected in the project design. According to Thiry (1996) the origins of VM can be traced back to the 1940s in what he described as more for less in the USA manufacturing industry. During World War II Lawrence Miles, an Engineer with General Electric, was faced with some strategic problems in producing some components which were easily produced in the past. As a way around this Miles, who before then has been dissatisfied with the cost of production in the industry, came to realise that most times circumstantial innovations result in better performance and reduced cost. This prompted Miles to ask what function does this component perform and how else can we perform that function (Dallas, 2006). Miles questions gave rise to the concept of function analysis which was aimed at identifying and analysing the intended functions to determine if the materials for the proposed solution can be substituted with less expensive ones. Not long after, people started to adopt the technique of focusing on the intended function not the process which soon developed into what is today referred to as Value Analysis (VA). In many cases people perceived the technique as a cost reduction technique at the expense of improved functionality which is a total misconception of the technique (Kelly and Male, 1993). However, the technique was so successful that in less than 10 years it was adopted in the US Department of Defence to deliver VfM and from then on other industries in the USA have adapted it for application at different phases of their projects. Value Management (VM) as it came to be called, refers to a structured management of the total value equation throughout all stages of the project (Kelly et al; 2004). Figure 2.3 shows different stages and segments of the development of value management. Figure 2.3 The metamorphosis of Value Management, adapted from Dallas (2006) As illustrated in figure 2.3, Miles action in the 1940s was focused on getting alternative materials or components to perform the required function which was the beginning of value management. This was later perceived as a cost cutting technique before the adoption of a holistic structured approach to improving value (Kelly and Male, 1993). Following the development and positive impacts of value management in the US manufacturing sector, the technique was adopted into the US construction industry as a means of delivering VfM to its clients in the 1960s. Fong and Shen (2000) noted that VM was first introduced in the US construction industry in 1968 and its application in the Chinese construction industry is recorded to occur 10 years later (Shen and Liu, 2004). According to Kelly et al (2004), the value management technique was first used in the UK 30 years after it was introduced in the US manufacturing industry at the Xerox headquarters, an American company. From then on VM has grown to become widely accepted in different parts of the world as a logical means to achieve value for money (Fong, 2004; Kelly et al, 2004; Ellis et al, 2004) including in Africa (Bowen et al, 2008). 2.2.4 Benefits of Value management Value management is a proactive, problem solving service, which maximizes the functional value of a project through a structured team which makes explicit the clients value system and weights further decisions against the value system.(Kelly et al, 1998). VM aims to justify the place of a project in a clients organisation at an early stage and develops a strategic plan against which it is built on to deliver value for money. VM is often misconstrued to being a cost reduction exercise, hence seen to be synonymous with value engineering. According to Dallas (2006) cost reduction, which is an obvious output of a value management exercise, cannot after all be seen as its main motive. As illustrated in figure 2.4 below, VM incorporates value engineering and value analysis in its value definition exercise and so could be perceived to be a universal set for the three concepts. Figure 2.4 shows the relationship between Value Management, Value Engineering and Value Analysis, adapted from Connaughton and Green (1996) VM looks at a project from a holistic point of view (time, whole life cost and performance) in the context of its usage which properly fits in the definition of value for money (). Connaughton and Green (1996) identified the following benefits which a properly executed Value Management exercise can yield: The need for the project is made explicit and verified by available data. The project objectives are identified and discussed openly to reach a consensus. Rational, explicit and measurable decisions are guaranteed after alternatives have been considered. Project designs are developed from the agreed framework, which are evaluated on the basis of the agreed performance criteria. There is greater participation from stakeholders which guarantees their buy in. There is improved communication and teamwork spirit throughout the project. Improved innovation with better quality definition in the project. Unnecessary cost is eliminated which may lead to a reduction in cost. Properly executed, value management when employed at the early stages of a project can help eliminate unnecessary cost to the tune of 10% to 25% savings on the proposed capital cost of project (Ellis et al, 2004). This is considered to be reasonable compared to the actual cost of the VM exercise, which is estimated at about 0.5% to 1% of the projects cost (REF). 2.3 APPLICATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Any construction project should be only commissioned following a careful analysis of needs since failure to think through project requirements will almost certainly cause problems for subsequent design and construction stages. For that reason, the Construction Industry Board recommends that value management be incorporated as an integral part of the construction process (Baldwin 1998). The value management approach may differ between countries depending on the nature of their construction industry or the chosen procurement route in a particular project. However, this does not dispute the fact that the VM technique can be gainfully applied at any stage of a construction project, as clients/contractors are often faced with the challenge of finding an optimum balance between cost, time, quality and performance criteria (Fong 2004). In the UK, the USA, Australia and other countries where the value management technique is well established, VM is applied through a process referred to as the value management study (British Standard, 2000) or value management process (Kelly et al; 1998) via a workshop approach facilitated by value manager or experienced team facilitator. A value management study, as defined in BS12947, involves the application of value management to a particular business case identified within a VM programme. Baldwin (1998, as cited in Kelly et al, 1998) noted that VM is not a question of brainstorming and problem solving, rather it requires a structured methodology in order to have the required outcome. Figure 2.5 overleaf depicts a simple VM study plan developed for the European Value Management standard (British Standard, 2000). Figure 2.5 shows a simple VM study plan, adapted from the British Standard (2000) The VM study plan represents a systematic approach to ensuring that appropriate techniques and skills are utilized in the value study. According to the British Standard (2000), as shown in the VM study plan above, a VM study should aim to achieve the following objectives; Identify the objectives and targets the intended study is set to achieve; as this may differ from the project objectives. Formulate the relevant approach needed to achieve the objectives, including team selection and training (where necessary). Identify the relevant functions which will lead to the achievement of the objectives. Identify some basis for measuring changes in performance and use of resources. Set targets for performance and use of resources for the above identified functions in a way peculiar to the organisations. Identify innovative ways of arriving at the targets through the application of the above methods. Evaluate the proposal for improvement. Implement the proposal which have been chosen by the decision makers Monitor and measure the outcomes in relation to the target. Feedback results for continuous improvement of VM programme. There are different approaches to value management studies in different countries with regards to team compositions and workshop procedure. For instance in the American construction industry, VM studies are typically carried out by an independent workshop team who will have to sell their ideas to the project team later on. This is different from the UK practice where the existing project team is fully involved in the study. In a benchmarking exercise carried by Kelly et al (1998), the use of an existing project team in conducting value management studies appeared to be the preferred approach due to the following advantages accruable to the project; Cost of the study is relatively minimized Time spent project briefing the study participants is reduced Waste of resources on previously considered but failed ideas are eliminated Offers better opportunity for developing project teams during the workshop More opportunity to explore all available options Implementation is more guaranteed as team members have already accepted ideas which they generated as a team, thereby reducing the development period. However, generic VM workshop strives to add value to a project by considering the project on its whole life basis. Kelly et al (1998) who were in support of this view identified the five key value opportunities at which VM technique can be employed to include pre-brief workshop, proper workshop, sketch design workshop, final working design and implementation workshop. 2.3.1 Pre-brief workshop The Value Manager or Facilitator meets with the project sponsor/client to clarify the place of the project in his organisation or programme. This will give the two parties a better understanding of the functional expectations of the project so as to help form a basis for the project briefing workshop and the clients value system. This may yield solution/s to the clients problem, for example, whether a new building is needed or renovation of existing one will achieve the same objectives. 2.3.2 Proper workshop Proceeds from the identified solution in the pre-brief phase and aims to identify the clients value system. This workshop offers an opportunity to facilitate the project team, understand their dynamics and guide them to achieve the desired goal. Though it is expected that the workshop has an agenda, this should not be too detailed, thereby making the timings tight, as this may divert the focus from achieving the objectives of the workshop to exhausting the items on the agenda. The tactical skills of the Facilitator are very much needed at this stage of the workshop if its participants are to be productive and should be as brief and focused as pos